Computerised Image Analysis of Rabbit Colonic Motility

The aim of this project was to develop a system using the methods and techniques of computerised image processing and analysis in order to quantitatively describe patterns of movement in smooth muscle. The algorithms developed have been applied to the investigation of the co-ordination of motility of rabbit colon in vitro. The MAGISCAN 2 image processor used in this project is designed to analyse single still photographic images from a television camera. In the analysis of movement it is essential to process sequences of images with respect to time. These must be captured at a rate much faster than the period of the movements being investigated. To define precisely complex movements such as gut peristalsis large data sets must be used. Typically this requires the processing of several thousand photographs, the photographs being taken at a rate of three frames/sec over a period of half an hour. The most efficient way to achieve this is to capture, fully analyse and store the derived parameters of each image before the next image is captured. Software was developed, in PASCAL and machine code, which gave sufficient sensitivity and speed to the MAGISCAN that measurement of the changes in position of the edges of the tissue and of transverse bands marked across the tissue, was possible under experimental conditions. These bands were marked on the tissue using a vital dye. The programs were designed to measure these two movements accurately even if the quality of the image varied. Although the processing of each image reduces the amount of data that needed to be stored to a few numbers, the amount of data produced from a sequence of images is still immense and some form of synopsis is required. Summaries in the form of graphs of length and width changes were produced. Further analysis was provided by transferring the data from the MAGISCAN to a mainframe computer for univariate and bivariate spectral analysis. Initial findings indicate that length and width changes in isolated rabbit colon could be measured accurately. These changes sometimes occurred at different frequencies within the same preparation. In preparations where the two changes occured at the same frequency there was no preferred phase difference

Joined up? Or just lucky? Implementing CAA in Scotland

Scotland, with 1/10th of the UK population, has its own and distinct education system. It is funded through the Scottish Executive, based in Edinburgh, where the new Scottish parliament now sits. Each education sector is largely autonomous with separate funding and support agencies. The primary qualifications authority for the secondary and further education sectors is the Scottish Qualifications Authority (SQA). They hold a near monopolistic dominance of the qualifications framework in use in Scotland’s schools and colleges. There is a significant overlap in the provision of the schools and Further Education (FE) sectors who share a common unitised framework which spans both vocational and academic qualifications. Therefore, developments in one sector, has implications for the other. There are 46 Scottish FE colleges which have operated, since the early 1990s as self governing autonomous institutions centrally funded by the Scottish Further Education Funding Council (SFEFC). Approximately 1/3rd of HE in Scotland is delivered by the FE sector 60% of first entrants to HE do so at a FE college. In UK terms we have the highest HE participation rates. In the early years of the incorporated status of colleges an element of competition was apparent, although more recently there has been a return to a spirit collaboration to enhance the effectiveness of the sector. In late 2000, SFEFC awarded funding to Glenrothes College, along with a number of partner colleges, to investigate and develop a knowledge base in Computer Assisted Assessment (CAA). The authors were co-managers of the project titled ‘Best Practice in OnLine Assessment’ (BPOL), and have since become involved in a number of initiatives in Scotland developing Computer Assisted Assessment approaches. This paper outlines the activity of the project and its influence on subsequent developments in Scotland. Objective testing is rarely used for summative assessment within the Scottish FE system, or indeed, within the SQA qualifications framework at all. It is most often used in open or flexible learning materials as formative, self-assessment tasks. Historically, it has been effectively disallowed by the emphasis on assessment of vocational competence based upon criterion referenced, range based standards. Therefore, it was no surprise that there was very little existing practice in the use of CAA. Also, the capacity of college network infrastructures to support CAA was only then being realised. However, the BPOL project coincided with a shift by the SQA towards a more holistic approach to assessment which allowed sampling of learning outcome criteria and therefore objective testing with cut-off scores became a valid option for consideration. However, much work needs to be done by both the SQA and the FE sector to ensure that objective testing and its delivery by CAA approaches is a valid and robust methodology. It became clear that there were fundamental issues with regard to the way individual unit specifications (notional discrete ‘modules’ of learning within a subject), had been written. There was no shared understanding of a taxonomy of educational objectives to provide a theoretical underpinning of the description of a learning outcome. This did not present as a problem under the old assessment regime as an effective moderation system is in place which ensures national standards are achieved by all colleges. It is, however, a significant problem for those colleges pioneering CAA and the development of objective approaches. As interest in CAA gathered pace during the year 2002, a number of other projects were funded within Scotland. A multi-agency approach has evolved and includes the SFEFC, the SQA, the Scottish Executive, HEIs, the colleges, schools and other stakeholders. It has not been a planned and co-ordinated national approach but may yet result with joined-up processes of CAA development, and who knows – a model for future progress? This paper should be viewed as a ‘snap-shot’ of this progress achieved by Mid 2003

Predicting breastfeeding in women living in areas of economic hardship : explanatory role of the theory of planned behaviour

This study employed the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and additional variables (descriptive norm, moral norm, self-identity) to investigate the factors underlying breastfeeding intention and subsequent breastfeeding at four time points (during hospital stay, at hospital discharge, 10 days postpartum and 6 weeks postpartum) in a sample of women selected from defined areas of economic hardship (N = 248). A model containing the TPB, additional variables and demographic factors provided a good prediction of both intention (R-2 = 0.72; attitude, perceived behavioural control, moral norm and self-identity significant predictors) and behaviour - breastfeeding at birth (88.6% correctly classified; household deprivation, intention, attitude significant), at discharge from hospital (87.3% correctly classified; intention, attitude significant), 10 days after discharge (83.1% correctly classified; education, intention, attitude, descriptive norm significant) and 6 weeks after discharge (78.0% correctly classified; age, household deprivation, ethnicity, moral norm significant). Implications for interventions are discussed, such as the potential usefulness of targeting descriptive norms, moral norms and perceived behavioural control (PBC) when attempting to increase breastfeeding uptake

A Delphi study to explore and gain consensus regarding the most important barriers and facilitators affecting physiotherapist and pharmacist non-medical prescribing

Non-medical prescribing was introduced into the United Kingdom to improve patient care, but early research indicated a third of Allied Health Professionals may not use their prescribing qualification. A previous literature review, highlighting factors influencing prescribing, identified only papers with nursing and pharmacy participants. This investigation explored consensus on factors affecting physiotherapist and pharmacist non-medical prescribers. A three round Delphi study was conducted with pharmacist and physiotherapist prescribers. Round One comprised information gathering on facilitators and barriers to prescribing participants had experienced, and underwent content analysis. This was followed by two sequential consensus seeking rounds with participants asked to rate the importance of statements to themselves. Consensus criteria were determined a priori, including median, interquartile range, percentage agreement and Kendall's Coefficient of Concordance (W). Statements reaching consensus were ranked for importance in Round Three and analysed to produce top ten ranks for all participants and for each professional group. Participants, recruited October 2018, comprised 24 pharmacists and 18 physiotherapists. In Round One, content analysis of 172 statements regarding prescribing influences revealed 24 themes. 127 statements were included in Round Two for importance rating (barriers = 68, facilitators = 59). After Round Two, 29 statements reached consensus (barriers = 1, facilitators = 28), with no further statements reaching consensus following Round Three. The highest ranked statement in Round Three overall was: "Being able to prescribe to patients is more effective and really useful working [in my area]". Medical support and improved patient care factors appeared the most important. Differences were noted between physiotherapist and pharmacist prescribers regarding the top ten ranked statements, for example team working which pharmacists ranked higher than physiotherapists. Differences may be explained by the variety of practice areas and relative newness of physiotherapy prescribing. Barriers appear to be post or person specific, whereas facilitators appear universal